From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. From there we will look at the career . This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. The attack was a success. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. West Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. 14-16 / Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. One was debt. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. France was at war with England and Spain. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Company Reg no: 04489574. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Born: 7 September 1533. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. - death of henry II. VAT reg no 816865400. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Mary Queen of Scots was married to . When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . - send 2000 to rebels. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. 2) This war was not a success. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. VAT reg no 816865400. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. LS23 6AD The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Died: 24 March 1603. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . VAT reg no 816865400. Foreign Affairs. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Boston Spa, One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Use your outline She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. As such, I disagree with the statement. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt.
